- A method for the production of sulfate or sulfonate esters
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The present invention relates to method for the production of sulfate or sulfonate esters essentially comprising the steps of adding sulfuric acid or sulfonic acid to boron acid in a medium with or without solvent (121), stirring the prepared mixture 8122), removing the precipitated boric acid (123), removing the solvent in case the solvent is used (124), producing dialkyl sulfate esters, mono alkyl sulfate esters and sulfonate esters of alkali metal salts (125), and based on the acidolysis of boron esters obtained from alcohol and boric acid with sulfuric acid or sulfonic acid.
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Paragraph 0036
(2015/03/31)
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- Structural characterization of solid trivalent metal dodecyl sulfates: From aqueous solution to lamellar superstructures
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Metal dodecyl sulfates of trivalent aluminium, chromium, lanthanum and gadolinium were prepared by addition of the corresponding salts to aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate at the natural pH (ca. 6). Using X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy, DSC, thermogravimetry and polarizing light thermomicroscopy it is shown that metal dodecyl sulfates are formed with lamellar structures. These have different degrees of hydration, which depend upon the metal ion. In some cases there is evidence for coexistence of different lamellar phases. The metal is strongly bound electrostatically to the sulfate group, and although the alkyl chain is in an extended conformation, there are suggestions of local disordering of the methylene groups adjacent to the anionic head group. SEM with an EDS probe on the trivalent metal complexes shows a 1:3 ratio at the surface identical to the bulk structure. Studies by SEM and AFM provide evidence of periodicity, which is likely to be induced by the lamellar, layered structures. Differences are observed in the thermal behavior, which appear to reflect both the coordination behavior of the metal ion and the degree of hydration.
- Pereira, Rui F. P.,Valente, Artur J. M.,Burrows, Hugh D.,De Zea Bermudez, Veronica,Carvalho, Rui A.,Castro, Ricardo A. E.
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p. 1420 - 1433
(2013/03/13)
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- Compositions and Methods Incorporating Photocatalysts
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The various embodiments provide a composition including an active material having functional groups capable of covalent attachment to a substrate in the presence of an acid or a base, a photocatalyst capable of generating an acid or a base upon exposure to light, and a vehicle. The compositions may also include surfactants, emulsifiers, oxidants, and other components. A method for treating a substrate is also disclosed. The method includes the steps of applying at least one active material having functional groups to the substrate, applying a photocatalyst to the substrate, and exposing the photocatalyst and the at least one active material to light for forming covalent attachments between the functional groups and constituent groups on the substrate. The compositions and methods described herein are useful in personal care product and consumer care product applications, for example.
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- Aqueous Cosmetic Composition, Especially for Use as Moisturizing Lotions
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The invention relates to the use of an aqueous composition comprising at least one surface-active agent in the form of bilayers and exhibiting a structure of sponge phase type as cosmetic composition or for the preparation of a cosmetic composition. It also relates to aqueous compositions, in particular lotions, in the sponge phase form including at least one cosmetic active agent or one cosmetic additive. It also relates to a method for the cosmetic care of the skin or superficial body growths, in particular for the purpose of moisturizing them, and/or to a method intended to give fragrance to the skin or superficial body growths.
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- Skin Care Cosmetic Cream/Scrub Product
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A series of cosmetic scrubs and creams, some containing coffee, have the ability to moisturize, soften, scrub and revitalize body parts, create natural tanning qualities, and sooth itch from burns and bug bites.
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- A formulation for broad-range disinfection including prion decontamination
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The present invention relates to a formulation for broad-range disinfection including prion decontamination, uses thereof, to a kit and to a method for prion decontaminating and/or disinfecting an object.
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- The hydrolysis of C12 primary alkyl sulfates in concentrated aqueous solutions. Part 1. General features, kinetic form and mode of catalysis in sodium dodecyl sulfate hydrolysis
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As part of an investigation into the observed rapid hydrolysis of sodium primary alkyl sulfates in commercial concentrated aqueous mixtures (typically 70% by weight of surfactant) at 80 °C, the rate of hydrolysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in water has been followed acidimetrically over a wide range of initial SDS concentrations in aqueous buffers, in the presence of added sulfuric acid (0.20 mol kg-1) and also in unbuffered, initially neutral solution. First order rate coefficients derived from the initial rates of sulfuric acid-catalysed reactions showed unexpected, non-monotonic variations with increasing initial [SDS] at constant [H2SO4] and with [H2SO4] at 70% SDS. Reactions in initially neutral solutions were found to have an autocatalytic form arising from the existence of both an uncatalysed and an acid catalysed pathway from reactants to products. Both pathways are characterised by rate coefficients (derived by computer simulation of the initial phase of the hydrolysis) that vary with the initial [SDS]; those for the acid-catalysed pathway show similar but less dramatic variation than observed in reactions in the presence of sulfuric acid. Possible reasons for the difference in behaviour are discussed. The autocatalysis observed in initially neutral solutions is shown to arise from the production of hydrogen sulfate ions during the hydrolysis, but experiments in buffer solutions at both high and low SDS concentrations show the characteristics of specific hydrogen ion catalysis. Solvent kinetic deuterium isotope effects on both pathways are, however, small. Examination of the dodecanol produced by SDS hydrolysis at low and high initial concentrations in18O-enriched water showed no incorporation of the label, signifying exclusive S-O cleavage in the acid-catalysed pathway. It is argued that the results, taken in conjunction with literature data, are consistent with an SN2 displacement of sulfate ion by water in the uncatalysed hydrolysis pathway. While, for the hydrogen ion catalysed pathway, a previously suggested unimolecular cleavage of SO3 from dodecyl hydrogen sulfate, with concerted intramolecular proton transfer, appears more consistent with the observations, proton transfer concerted with direct transfer of SO3 to a preassociated water molecule is a plausible alternative.
- Bethell,Fessey,Namwindwa,Roberts
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p. 1489 - 1495
(2007/10/03)
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- The association of an ionic surfactants with β-cyclodextrin. An isothermal titration calorimeter study
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The association of a series of anionic surfactants (CnH2n+1SO4Na, n = 6, 8, 10, 12, 14) with β-cyclodextrin was studied by means of the isothermal titration calorimeter (i.t.c.) at T = 298.15 K. For these types of inclusion complexes, the results agreed well with a 1:1 association mode. Apparent values for the association constants, and changes in the standard molar Gibbs energies, enthalpies, and entropies were derived for the association process. The results indicated that the association of surfactants with β-cyclodextrin is characterized by both favourable enthalpy and favourable entropy changes. The results also demonstrated that the longer the alkyl chain of the anionic surfactant, the greater the association constant with β-cyclodextrin.
- Eli, Wumanjiang,Chen, Wenhai,Xue, Qunji
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p. 1283 - 1296
(2007/10/03)
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- Method for virus inactivation in the presence of polyalkylene glycol as well as the pharmaceutical preparation obtained therewith
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The invention relates to a pharmaceutical preparation comprising a plasma protein wherein said preparation is free of infectious agents as well as essentially free of denaturation products and is obtainable by a method that encompasses the following steps: a) addition of a polyether and a chaotropic agent to a solution comprising the plasma protein, optional lyophilization of the solution; b) inactivation of infectious agents in the presence of the polyether by a physio-chemical or chemical treatment, and c) removal of the polyether and the chaotropic agent.
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- Cosmetic composition for the hair containing a wax microdispersion and a process for treating the hair using the composition
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A cosmetic composition for the hair contains a wax dispersion in a liquid vehicle. The dispersed phase is a stable microdispersion of particles of wax having a size lower than 500 nm and an end melting point greater than 60° C. and lower than 100° C. The composition contains from 0.1 to 40 weight percent wax, form 0.01 to 25 weight percent anionic or nonionic emulsifier and at least 35 weight percent water. The composition does not contain a cationic surfactant.
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- Stable emulsions of perfluoropolyethers and fat substances and process for preparing them
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The invention relates to stable emulsions of perfluoropolyethers having perfluoroalkyl end groups and of fat substances, consisting of: one or more perfluoropolyethers having perfluoroalkyl end groups: 1-50% by weight, one or more polyhydroxylated compounds selected from glycerol and polyalcohols other than glycerol and saccharides, containing at least three hydroxylic groups, said compounds being dissolved in water or in a hydrophilic solvent when they are solid: 10-95% by weight, including water and the hydrophilic solvent, if any, one or more fat substances having a melting temperature not higher than 100° C.: 10-80% by weight, one or more emulsifiers: 0.1-10% by weight. These emulsions are utilized, in particular, in cosmetology and dermatology.
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- Preparation for prevention of emission of mercury from amalgam fillings and method
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A method of preventing or decreasing the emission of mercury vapor in the mouth, from a mercury amalgam filling, comprising contacting the amalgam filling with an oral composition containing sulfur in an amount sufficient to reduce or eliminate the emission of mercury or mercury vapor. The oral composition may be in the form of a toothpaste, chewing gum, mouthwash water, mouth spray, or the like.
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- Topical antibacterial compositions containing penetration enchancers
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An antibacterial composition for topical administration, comprising from about 0.5 to about 10 percent of an antibacterial compound; from about one to about 30 percent of a non water soluble polymeric composition; from about 0.5 to about 40 percent of a plasticizer which plasticizes and polymeric composition; and from about 50 to about 95 percent of a solvent in which said polymeric composition and plasticizer are dissolved; whereby upon topical application of said antibacterial composition, said solvent will evaporate or penetrate the skin and leave a thin protective film of polymeric composition which retains said antibacterial compound against the skin.
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- Fundamental Interfacial Properties of Alkyl-Branched Sulfate and Ethoxy Sulfate Surfactants Derived from Guerbet Alcohols. 1. Surface and Instantaneous Interfacial Tensions
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Guerbet surfactants are a unique class of amphiphiles in which the carbon atom β to the head group carries an alkyl substituent.A variety of Guerbet sulfate and monodispers ethoxy sulfate surfactants were synthesized, and their interfacial properties determined at the air-water and decane-water interfaces to determine how Guerbet branching influences interfacial properties.Guerbet surfactants exhibited higher critical micelle concentrations and enhanced effectiveness and efficiency in lowering the surface tension at the air-water interface compared to their linear counterparts.At the decane-water interface the differences between the Guerbet and linear surfactants were not as pronounced as at the air-water interface.The relationship between Guerbet hydrophobe structure and interfacial properties is discussed.
- Varadaraj, Ramesh,Bock, Jan,Valint, Paul,Zushma, Stephen,Thomas, Robert
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p. 1671 - 1676
(2007/10/02)
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- Process for the sulfonation and/or sulfatization of organic components with SO3 in an organic reaction medium
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The invention relates to the use of selected carboxylic acid esters which are liquid under reaction conditions and correspond to general formula (I) in which R1 is an alkyl radical unbranched in the α-position and X is hydrogen or a group corresponding to general formula (II) STR1 in which R2, R3 and R4 represent fluorine and/or chlorine and one of these substituents may also be hydrogen or one or two of these substituents may also be lower alkyl, as reaction medium for the sulfonation and/or sulfatization or organic components with SO3 to light-colored reaction products.
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- Influence of Chain Length on the Sphere-to-Rod Transition in Alkyl Sulfate Micelles
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Using Quasielastic light scattering spectroscopy (QLS) we have deduced the mean hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of alkyl sulfate micelles as functions of chain length (number of carbons nc = 8-16), temperature (0-85 deg C), detergent concentration (0.01-4g/dL), and NaCl concentration (0.1-2 M).In the region of low chain length (nc h values (extrapolated to the cmc) increase approximately linearly with the chain length.These results combained with Huisman's aggregation numbers (nw(cmc)) are consistent with a micellar shape that is close to spherical (axial ratio less than 2).Under conditions of high NaCl concentrations of high NaCl concentration the micelles exhibit a temperature-dependent growth from small spherical aggregates into long spherocylindrical micelles at concentrations above the cmc.With increasing chain length the temperature dependence of Rh becomes stronger and the NaCl and detergent concentrations needed for micellar growth become smaller.Light scattering intensity measurements confirm a rodlike growth for these micelles at all chain lengths.From these Rh measurements, values of the thermodynamic parameter K governing the sphere-to-rod transition are determined by using an extension of our previous thermodynamic model (Missel et al., J.Phys.Chem., 84, 1044 (1980)).A quantitative analysis of the dependence of K on chain length, temperature, and NaCl concentration provides new insights into energetic factors which govern the structure and growth of micelles.
- Missel, Paul J.,Mazer, Norman A.,Benedek, George B.,Carey, Martin C.
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p. 1264 - 1277
(2007/10/02)
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- Phosphine oxides having a physiological cooling effect
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Compounds and compositions are disclosed having a physiological cooling action on the skin. The compositions contain as the active ingredient certain phosphine oxides. The compositions disclosed include toilet and cosmetic preparations, e.g. toilet water, after-shave lotions, soaps, cosmetic creams and lotions, dentifrices and cleansing tissues, and tobacco and tobacco preparations.
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- Surface active silicones
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This invention relates to ion-pair-containing siloxane compounds that are extremely effective as surface tension depressants. The compounds of the present invention contain both anionic and cationic substituents and can be formed by metathesis reactions between metallic salts of anionic silicone or organic surface-active compounds and halide salts of quaternary ammonium silicone or organic surface-active compounds. The compounds of the invention are relatively pH insensitive when compared to siloxanes bearing anionic and cationic substituents that are formed by proton transfer. Thus, the organosilicon compounds of the invention will remain stable despite changes in pH of the mixture in which they are present.
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- Method of producing highly unsaturated compounds by reacting 1,3-conjugated diene compounds with derivatives of dimers of butadienes and products
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A 1,3-conjugated diene compound and a derivative of a butadiene dimer are subjected to an addition reaction over a rhodium compound. The 1,3-conjugated diene compound adds to the derivative in a molar ratio of 1:1. The derivative may be an ester, ether or alcohol. Said derivative is obtained either by reacting a carboxylic acid, an alcohol or a phenol with a butadiene over a palladium catalyst or by hydrolyzing the reaction product.
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