2676
J Chem Ecol (2006) 32:2667–2677
Hillbur et al., 1999, 2000, 2001], Douglas fir cone gall midge Contarinia oregonensis
[(2S,4Z,7Z)-2-acetoxy-4,7-tridecadiene; Gries et al., 2002], Aphidoletes aphidimyza [(R,S)-
2,7-diacetoxytridecane; Choi et al., 2004], swede midge Contarinia nasturdii [(S,S)-2,9-
diacetoxyundecane, (S,S)-2,10-diacetoxyundecane, (S)-2-acetoxyundecane; Hilbur et al.,
2005], and western red cedar cone midge Mayetiola thujae [(S,S)-2,12-diacetoxyheptade-
cane, (S,S)-2,13-diacetoxyheptadecane, (S,S)-2,14-diacetoxyheptadecane; Gries et al.,
2005]. Cecidomyiid midges and K. pistaciella belong to discrete taxonomic orders (Diptera
and Lepidoptera, respectively) of the Insecta. However, these two orders are related, which
might explain the similarity of some of their sex pheromone structures.
With the K. pistaciella pheromone identified and shown to attract large numbers of male
moths, it may be possible to develop pheromone-based tactics for control of K. pistaciella.
In a 75-ha experiment in commercial pistachio orchards in Iran in 2005, plots treated with a
proprietary attract-and-kill formulation containing chiral pheromone had significantly fewer
larvae-infested fruit bunches (>120,000 assessed) than insecticide-treated plots or control
plots (unpublished data; two PCT patent applications filed in 2006).
Acknowledgements We thank Wittko Francke for lending us a custom-made chiral column and for review
of the manuscript, Eberhard Kiehlmann and one anonymous reviewer for constructive comments, Micky
Yang for elemental analyses, Sharon Oliver and Renée Picard for word processing, and Bob Birtch for
graphical illustrations. The research was supported by a Discovery grant from the Natural Sciences and
Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and by an NSERC-Industrial Research Chair to G.G.
with Phero Tech Int., SC Johnson Canada, and Global Forest Science as industrial sponsors.
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