16999-98-7Relevant articles and documents
PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION ELEMENT, SOLAR CELL, AND COMPOSITION
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Paragraph 0304; 0305, (2018/04/26)
Provided are a photoelectric conversion element, a solar cell using the photoelectric conversion element, and a composition. The photoelectric conversion element includes a first electrode including a photosensitive layer, which includes a light absorbing agent, on a conductive support. The light absorbing agent includes a compound having a perovskite-type crystal structure that includes organic cations represented by the following Formulae (1) and (2), a cation of a metal atom, and an anion. [in-line-formulae]R1—N(R1a)3+??Formula (1)[/in-line-formulae] [in-line-formulae]R2—N(R2a)3+??Formula (2)[/in-line-formulae] In Formulae (1) and (2), R1 represents a specific group such as an alkyl group (including a specific substituent group in a case where the number of carbons is 1 or 2), and a cycloalkyl group. R2 represents a methyl group, an ethyl group, and the like. R1a and R2a represent a specific group such as a hydrogen atom and an alkyl group.
Gas-phase basicity measurements of dipeptides that contain valine
Gorman, Greg S.,Amster
, p. 5729 - 5735 (2007/10/02)
Gas-phase basicities of 22 dipeptides that contain valine were measured by a double bracketing method in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer. Matrix-assisted laser desorption was used to generate protonated peptide ions which were reacted with reference compounds to bracket the gas-phase basicity. In addition, neutral peptide molecules were formed by substrate-assisted laser desorption and with protonated reference ions to confirm the assignment of the gas-phase basicity. The rate of proton transfer between the protonated molecule of alanylvaline and six reference compounds was measured to examine the behavior of both exoergic and endoergic reactions. Gas-phase basicities of most of the dipeptides were found to be nearly equal to that of their most basic amino acid residue. The results are consistent with an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the N-terminus nitrogen and the amide carbonyl oxygen of a dipeptide. Furthermore, the results suggest that inductive effects cause an increase in the strength of the intramolecular hydrogen bond that the in the basicity of the C-terminus amino acid residue. Dipeptides VF and VY are more basic than their constituent amino acids. These data and molecular mechanics calculations suggest that these two peptides are stabilized by an electrostatic interaction between the N-terminal ammonium ion and the polarizable electrons of the aromatic side chain of the C-terminus.
Carbon-Hydrogen Bond Dissociation Energies in Alkylbenzenes. Proton Affinities of the Radicals and the Absolute Proton Affinity Scale
Meot-Ner (Mautner), Michael
, p. 5 - 10 (2007/10/02)
Rate constants (k) were measured for proton-transfer reactions from alkylbenzene ions RH+ to a series of reference bases B, i.e., RH+ + B -> BH+ + R*.For exothermic reactions (ΔH -1.For example, the reaction C6H5CH3+ + B -> BH+ + C6H5CH2* is fast (reaction efficiency = k/kcol >/= 0.5) when B = MeO-t-Bu or stronger bases, but k/kcol is significantly smaller when B is n-Pr2O or weaker bases.From the falloff curve of reaction efficiency vs.PA(B), we find PA(n-Pr2O) = PA(C6H5CH2*) + 0.8 kcal mol-1 = 200.0 kcal mol-1.Since PA(C6H5CH2*) is obtained from known thermochemical data, this relation defines the absolute PA of n-Pr2O.Through a ladder of known PA, we then obtain PA(i-C4H8) = 186.8 kcal mol-1; we also obtain the absolute PAs of other oxygen bases.Falloff curves of reaction efficiencies of 3-FC6H4CH3+, C6H5C2H5+, C6H5-n-C3H7+, and C6H5-i-C3H7+ with these reference bases give then the following PAs of R* and R-H bond dissociation energies (Do) (all in kcal mol-1) as R*, PA(R*), Do(R-H): 3-FC6H4CH2*, 197.2, 89.4; , 197.9, 86.2; , 199.1, 86.1; , 199.6, 86.1.In similar manner, rate constants for H+ transfer from C6H5NH2+ to reference pyridines and amines yield PA(C6H5NH*) = 221.5 and Do(C6H5NH-H) = 85.1 kcal mol-1 (1 kcal mol-1 = 4.18 kJ mol-1).
