83930-13-6 Usage
Description
GRF (1-44) (HUMAN), also known as Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH), is a peptide hormone that stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH) in the anterior pituitary. It is expressed and secreted from the hypothalamic neurons of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and has been identified in various vertebrates, including mammals, rodents, fish, and even a protochordate. GRF (1-44) (HUMAN) plays a crucial role in regulating growth and development in the human body.
Uses
Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
GRF (1-44) (HUMAN) is used as a pharmaceutical agent for the treatment of growth disorders and conditions related to growth hormone deficiency. It helps stimulate the release of growth hormone, promoting growth and development in individuals with growth-related issues.
Used in Research Applications:
GRF (1-44) (HUMAN) is used as a research tool in the study of growth hormone regulation, pituitary function, and the role of GHRH in various physiological processes. It aids researchers in understanding the mechanisms of growth hormone release and its impact on overall health and well-being.
Structure
GHRH(1–29) is the bioactive core of human GHRH. The N-terminal tyrosine residue with
selected aromatic rings is important for the high bioactivity in human and nonrodent mammalian GHRH. The amino acid sequence of GHRH shows higher identities between the human, porcine, bovine, and caprine?species, but the rat and mouse are exceptions. The
sequence of the C-terminus is highly variable among species while the N-terminus is more conserved. The N-terminal region (1–27) of GHRH is well conserved in nonmammalian vertebrates. Zebrafish GHRH
(1–27) shows 74.1%, 81.5%, and 81.5% similarity to the
Xenopus tropicalis, chicken, and human counterparts,
respectively.?Mr 12,447 (GHRH(1-44), Mr 5,039), pI 10.3 (GHRH(1-
44), pI 11.5). Soluble in acidic aqueous solution (e.g., 1%
acetic acid). Lyophilized GHRH is stable at room temperature for 2months, and recommended storage is below
-18°C with desiccation.
Gene, mRNA, and precursor
The human GHRH gene, GHRH, location 20q11.2, consists of five exons. GHRH mRNA has 459 bases that
encode a signal peptide of 24 aa residues, a mature protein of 44 aa residues, and a C-peptide of 31 aa residues
with unknown function. In nonmammalian
vertebrates, the GHRH-like peptide and PACAP were
first believed to be encoded by the same gene, but later
actual GHRH and PACAP were found to be encoded
by two distinct genes.
Synthesis and release
The human GHRH gene, GHRH, location 20q11.2, consists of five exons. GHRH mRNA has 459 bases that
encode a signal peptide of 24 aa residues, a mature protein of 44 aa residues, and a C-peptide of 31 aa residues
with unknown function. In nonmammalian
vertebrates, the GHRH-like peptide and PACAP were
first believed to be encoded by the same gene, but later
actual GHRH and PACAP were found to be encoded
by two distinct genes.
Synthesis and release
The synthesis and release of GHRH are regulated by
sex hormones, aging, the negative feedback effect of
GH, and diverse pathological conditions. Gsh-1 has been
considered a transcriptional factor of Ghrh expression in
the rat hypothalamus. GHRH synthesis is inhibited by
somatostatin (SS). The expression levels of the SS receptor, sst2A, in GHRH neurons are higher in female mice
than male mice. The production of hypothalamic GHRH
is decreased by aging. It is also negatively regulated by
the feedback of GH, whereas ghrelin stimulates GHRH
release.
Receptors
GHRH-R belongs to the GPCR B II subclass, highly
selective for GHRH. The GHRH-R of most mammals
consists of 423 aa residues. The N-terminal extracellular
domain contains a site for N-glycosylation as well as
six cysteine residues and an aspartate residue that are
conserved in this receptor family. The third intracellular
loop and the C-terminal intracellular domain contain several potential phosphorylation sites, which may regulate
signaling and receptor internalization. It is mainly
expressed in the pituitary.
Biological functions
GHRH receptor mRNA is expressed in several organs,
especially in the adrenal, digestive tract, and kidney. The
primary function of GHRH is to stimulate GH synthesis
and release from the anterior pituitary somatotrophs.
GHRH activates cell proliferation, cell differentiation,
and growth of somatotrophs, and is also involved in
the modulation of appetite and feeding behavior, the regulation of sleeping, the control of jejunal motility, and the
increase in leptin levels in modest obesity .
Clinical implications
Mutations in the GHRH gene have never been
described. A single base change in the GHRH-R gene in
human somatotropinoma confers hypersensitivity to
GHRH binding. Pit-1 mutation inducing the low gene
expression of GHRH-R can lead to the development of
dwarfism.
Clinical Use
Sermorelin, a functional peptide fragment of GHRH
(1–29), has been used in the diagnosis and treatment of
children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. Tesamorelin, a stabilized synthetic peptide analog of
GHRH(1–44), received US Food and Drug Administration approval in 2010 for the treatment of lipodystrophy
in HIV patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy, and was investigated for effects on certain cognitive
functions in adults with cognitive impairment as well as
healthy older adults.
Check Digit Verification of cas no
The CAS Registry Mumber 83930-13-6 includes 8 digits separated into 3 groups by hyphens. The first part of the number,starting from the left, has 5 digits, 8,3,9,3 and 0 respectively; the second part has 2 digits, 1 and 3 respectively.
Calculate Digit Verification of CAS Registry Number 83930-13:
(7*8)+(6*3)+(5*9)+(4*3)+(3*0)+(2*1)+(1*3)=136
136 % 10 = 6
So 83930-13-6 is a valid CAS Registry Number.
InChI:InChI=1/C215H358N72O66S/c1-24-106(15)166(285-174(318)112(21)251-193(337)145(91-163(309)310)270-173(317)109(18)249-175(319)119(218)86-115-49-53-117(293)54-50-115)208(352)278-142(87-114-39-27-26-28-40-114)200(344)287-168(113(22)292)209(353)279-144(90-157(225)301)199(343)283-150(99-291)204(348)274-141(88-116-51-55-118(294)56-52-116)197(341)261-126(47-37-78-243-214(235)236)181(325)260-122(42-30-32-73-217)192(336)284-165(105(13)14)206(350)277-137(82-101(5)6)178(322)247-95-160(304)253-129(58-65-152(220)296)185(329)272-140(85-104(11)12)196(340)282-147(96-288)202(346)252-111(20)172(316)256-124(45-35-76-241-212(231)232)180(324)259-121(41-29-31-72-216)184(328)271-139(84-103(9)10)195(339)273-138(83-102(7)8)194(338)266-133(61-68-155(223)299)190(334)276-146(92-164(311)312)201(345)286-167(107(16)25-2)207(351)268-135(71-80-354-23)191(335)281-148(97-289)203(347)262-127(48-38-79-244-215(237)238)182(326)264-131(59-66-153(221)297)187(331)263-128(57-64-151(219)295)177(321)246-94-159(303)254-130(62-69-161(305)306)186(330)280-149(
