99108-56-2

Basic information

• Product Name: morpholine
• CAS NO: 99108-56-2
• Molecular Formula: C4H9NO
• Molecular Weight: 87.12
• EINECS: 203-815-1
• Product Categories: MORPHOLINE
• Mol File: 99108-56-2.mol
• Article Data: 265

Chemical Properties

• Appearance: /
• PKA: 8.33(at 25℃)
• CAS DataBase Reference: morpholine(CAS DataBase Reference)
• NIST Chemistry Reference: morpholine(99108-56-2)
• EPA Substance Registry System: morpholine(99108-56-2)

Safety Data

• Hazardous Substances Data: 99108-56-2(Hazardous Substances Data)

Usage

Description

Morpholine, also known as 1-oxa-4-azacyclohexane, is a heterocyclic secondary amine with a six-membered ring containing nitrogen and oxygen. It is formed by the condensation of diethanolamine and sulfuric acid and has been commercially available in the USA since 1935. Morpholine is an important building block in the field of medicinal chemistry and has a wide range of pharmacological activities.

Uses

Used in Medicinal Chemistry:
Morpholine is used as a building block in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds, including the antibiotic Linezolid, the anticancer agent Gefitinib, and the analgesic Dextromoramide. It is also used as a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2A13 in cancer treatment.
Used in Chemical Synthesis:
Morpholine is used as a reactant in the synthesis of 1,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-3-morpholin-4-yl-2,1-benzoxaborole by reacting with o-formylphenylboronic acid. It is also used as a reactant in the bis-(β-ketoenolates) nickel(II) adducts of morpholine and in the quantitative determination of α, β-unsaturated compounds.
Used in Industrial Applications:
Morpholine is used as a corrosion inhibitor and to maintain basic pH in boiler feed water. It is also used as one of the reagents in the colorimetric quantitative determination of C-2 unsubstituted phenothiazine derivatives.
Used in Environmental Studies:
Morpholine is suitable for use as a test compound in the study of morpholine biodegradation by Mycobacterium strains.

Pharmaceutical application

Morpholine is a fairly strong base (pKa 8.7, lower than that of piperidine) and potent solvent and is widely used in industry and organic synthesis[17]. It is often selected as starting material for the preparation of enantiomerically pure α-amino acids[10, 11], βamino alcohols[18], peptides[19], as well as building blocks for the synthesis of biologically active compounds[20]. Various functionalized morpholine occur in nature. Some synthetic biologically active compounds containing a morpholine ring are used in medical practice. These classes of compounds have been utilized extensively by the pharmaceutical industry in drug design, because of the development in pharmacokinetic properties that it can bestow. The pharmacological utility of lead molecules containing the morpholine entity is widespread, particularly; N-substituted morpholines are drug molecules with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. The Linezolid[14] antibiotic having a morpholine cycle is commercially available antimicrobial agent. Aprepitantis a substance that is neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist and it is the first drug approved by Food and Drug Administration for the management of vomiting and chemotherapy-induced nausea. Former molecules displayed an antischizophrenic activity via interaction with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the brain. A selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor Timolol (non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist indicated for treating glaucoma) Moclobemide[22], Emorfazone (anti-inflammatory drug and analgesic)[23], Phenadoxone (Heptalgin, opioid analgesic), anti-depressants Reboxetine[24] and Gefitinib[25], appetite suppressants Phenmetrazine (Preludin, 3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholine) and 2-benzylmorpholine and Canertinib, Fenpropimorph (R = 4-t-BuC6H4; fungicide)[26], and antibacterial drugs Finafloxacin , Levofloxacin[27]. Several enzyme inhibitors as well as various receptor antagonists and agonists are well known along with morpholine-containing derivatives. Selective norepinephrine inhibitors (antidepressants)[28], HER (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) kinase inhibitors, glucosidase inhibitors[29], P38 MAP kinase inhibitors, PI3K kinase inhibitors (used in tumor chemotherapy), phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors, FLT3 (thirosine) kinase inhibitors, urease inhibitors, cysteine protease inhibitors, selective SV2 receptor agonists, D-dopamine receptor agonists, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors (5-LO), V3 vasopressin receptor antagonists, σ receptor antagonists, nicotine acetylcholine receptor antagonist HL-60, A431, HS27, HEP-G2, HT29, KV, K562 human cancer cell growth inhibitors and neuropeptide NPY-Y5 receptor antagonists, and antiviral, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory agents and anticonvulsants were described[30-33]. Morpholines have also found applications as catalysts and ligands in asymmetric addition of organo-zinc compounds to aldehydes[34], amides (synthesis of γ-lactones, synthesis of δ-lactones & lactams) and cyclization of enals with ketones[35], aldolization, indoles with unsaturated aldehydes, alkylation of Heck cross-coupling of aryl halides with alkenes, Michael addition of α, β-unsaturated aldehydes to 1,3-diketones, Buchwald–Hartwig amination of (hetero) aryl chlorides. Numerous morpholine derivatives are now commercially existing e.g., 4-(4, 6-dimethoxy1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-methylmorpholinehydrochloride (DMTMM) has been extensively used in the current years in the synthesis of carboxylic acid amides and esters, N-Methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMO) is used as co-oxidant and highly polar solvent[36].

References

Parkin, A, I. D. Oswald, and S. Parsons. "Structures of piperazine, piperidine and morpholine." Acta Crystallographica 60.2(2010):219-227. R.V. Cooney, P.D. Ross, and G.L. Bartolini. "N -nitrosation and N -nitration of morpholine by nitrogen dioxide: Inhibition by ascorbate, glutathione and α-tocopherol." Cancer Letters 32.1(1986):83-90. El-Shabouri, S. R., et al. "Colorimetric determination of C-2 unsubstituted phenothiazines, using morpholine and N-bromosuccinimide. " Journal Association of Official Analytical Chemists69.69(1986):821-824. Poupin P, et al. "Degradation of morpholine by an environmental Mycobacterium strain involves a cytochrome P-450. " Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64.1(1998):159-165. De, Muynck L, et al. "The neurotrophic properties of progranulin depend on the granulin E domain but do not require sortilin binding." Neurobiology of Aging 34.11(2013):2541-2547. Combourieu, B, et al. "Common degradative pathways of morpholine, thiomorpholine, and piperidine by Mycobacterium aurum MO1: evidence from (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance and ionspray mass spectrometry performed directly on the incubation medium." Applied & Environmental Microbiology 66.8(2000):3187. https://www.trc-canada.com/product-detail/?CatNum=M723725&CAS=110-91-8&Chemical_Name=Morpholine&Mol_Formula=C?H?NO Review of morpholine and its derivatives, Merck Index, 12th ed. published by Merck & co, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996; 1074-5. Pushpak, M.; Bekington, M. Synthesis of substitute 4-(3-alkyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5ylmethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4benzoxazinesand 4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4benzoxazines. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006; 47(44):7823-7826. Zhou, G.; Zorn, N.; Ting, P.; Aslanian, R.; Lin M.; Cook John. Development of Nove benzomorpholine class of diacylglycerol acyltransferase I inhibitors. Med. Chem. Lett. 2014; 5(5): 544-549. Achari, B.; Sukhendu, B.M.; Dutta, P.; Chowdhury, C.; Perspectives on 1, 4-benzodioxions,1, 4-benzoxazines and their 2, 3dihydro derivatives. Synlett. 2004; 14:2449-2467. Panneerselvam, P.; Pradeepchandran, R.V.; Sreedhar,S.K. Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of novel 2-methyl-quinazolin-4(3H)-ones. Indian J. pharm. Sci. 2003; 65(3): 268-273. Brown, G.R.; Foubister, A.J &Stribling D. Synthesis and resolution of 3-substituted morpholine appetite suppressants and chiral synthesis via o-arylhomoserines. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1987; 1: 547. El-masry, A.H.; Fahmy, H.H.;Abdelwahed, A. S..H.Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New Benzimidazole Derivatives. Molecules.2000; 12:1429. Duhalde, V.; Lahillie, B.; Camou, F.; Pedeboscq, S.; Pometan, J.P; Proper use of antibiotics: Aprospective study on the use of linezolid in a French university hospital. Pathologie. Biologie. 2007; 55(10): 478-481. Marireau, C.; Guilloton, M.; kartst, F. In vivo effects of fenpropimorph on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and determination of the molecular basis of the antifungal property. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.1990; 34(6): 989-993. Sawargave, S.P.; Kudale, A.S.; Deore, J.V.; Bhosale, D.S, Divse, J.M; Chavan, S.P; & Borate, H.B. One-step synthesis of 4-alkyl-3-aryl-2,6-dicyanoanilines and their use in the synthesis of highly functionalized 2,3,5,6,7and 2,3,4,5,7-substituted indoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2011; 52: 5491. Segat-Dioury, F.; Lingibé, O.; Graffe, B.; Sacquet M-C.; Lhommet G. A General Synthesis of enantiopure 1,2-aminoalcohols via chiral morpholinones. Tetrahedron 2000; 56: 233-248. Trabocchi, A.; Krachmalnicoff, A.; Menchi, G.; Guarna, A.;Synthesis and conformational studies of a hybrid β-alanine-morpholine tetramer, Tetrahedron, 2012; 68: 9701. Walker DP, Eklov BM., Bedore, M.W.,Practical Synthesis of 3-Oxa-6-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane hydrotosylate; A novel morpholine-based building block, synthesis, 2012; 44: 2859. Tosi, G.; Zironi, F.; Caselli, E.; Forni, A.; and Prati, F.; Biocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of (S)and timolol, Synthesis, 2004; 1625. Shvaika, OL.;Osnovisintezul?kars ’kikhrechovin (Principles of Synthesis of Medicines), Donets’k: Skh?dniiVidavn. D?m, 2002. Assaf, G.; Cansell, G.; Critcher, D.; Field, S.; Hayes, S.; Mathew, S.; and Pettman, A. application of a process friendly morpholine synthesis to ( S, S)-Reboxetine, Tetrahedron Lett., 2010; 51: 5048. Hanlon, S.P.; Camattari, A.; Abad, S.; Glieder, A.; Kittelmann, M., Lu?tz, S.; Wirz, B.; and Winkler, M.; Human FMO2-based microbial whole-cell catalysts for drug metabolite synthesis, Chem. Commun., 2012; 48: 6001. Tatsumi, Y.; Yokoo, M.; Senda, H.; and Kakehi, K. Therapeutic efficacy of topically applied KP-103 against experimental tinea unguium in guinea pigs in comparison with amorolfine and terbinafine.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.,2002; 46: 3797. D.S. and Li, J.J.; Eds.; Hoboken, N.J. The Art of Drug Synthesis, Johnson,: Wiley, Canada, 2007, 71-81. Yang, Q.; Ulysse, L.G.; McLaws, M.D.; Keefe, D.K.; Haney, B.P.; Zha, C.; Guzzo, P.R.; and Liu, S. Palladium-catalyzed α-arylation reactions in total synthesis., Org. Process Res. Dev., 2012; 16: 499. Burland, P.A.; Osborn, HMI.;Turkson, A. Synthesis and glycosidase inhibitory profiles of functionalised morpholines and oxazepanes, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2011; 19: 5679. Keldenich, J.; Michon, C.; Nowicki, A.; and AgbossouNiedercorn, F. Synthesis of a chiral key intermediate of neurokinin antagonist SSR 240600 by asymmetric allylic alkylation. Synlett, 2011; 2939. Meìtro, T.-X.; Cochi, A.; Pardo, DG.; and Cossy, J. Asymmetric synthesis of an antagonist of neurokinin receptors: SSR 241586. J. Org. Chem., 2011; 76: 2594. Lukas, R.J.; Muresan, A.Z.; Damaj, M.I.; Blough, B.E.; Huang, X.; Navarro, H.A.; Mascarella, SW.; Eaton, JB.; Marxer-Miller, SK.; Carroll, FI. Synthesis and characterization of in vitro and in vivo profiles of hydroxybupropion analogues: aids to smoking cessation. J. Med. Chem., 2010; 53: 4731. Sun, X.; Niu, L.; Li, X.; Lu, X.; Li, F. Characterization of metabolic profile of mosapride citrate in rat and identification of two new metabolites: Mosapride N-oxide and morpholine ring-opened mosapride by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2009; 50: 27. Dave, R. and Sasaki, N.A. β-Amino alcohols derived from (1R,2S)-norephedrine and (1S,2S)-pseudonorephedrine as catalysts in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 2006; 17: 388. Raup, D.E.A.; Cardinal-David, B.; Holte, D.; Scheidt, KA. Cooperative catalysis by carbenes and Lewis acids in a highly stereoselective route to gamma-lactams. Nat. Chem., 2010; 2: 766. R.M, An introduction to the chemistry of heterocyclic compound 2ndedn. John wiley& sons, Inc compounds. 1976, 348. 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Upstream product

• 13529-51-6 N,N-di(2-hydroxyethyl)hydrazine 
• 25070-73-9 benzyl morpholine-4-carboxylate 
• 2403-55-6 4-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)morpholine 
• 51673-52-0 N-chloro-N'-tosylbenzamidine 
• 59-89-2 N-nitrosomorpholine 
• 141-43-5 ethanolamine 
• 74-86-2 acetylene 
• 4432-43-3 N-hydroxymethylmorpholine 
• 7732-18-5 water 
• 92314-70-0 4-(2,4,6-Triphenyl-2H-thiopyran-2-yl)-morpholine; compound with perchloric acid 
• 92314-74-4 4-(2,4,6-Triphenyl-4H-thiopyran-4-yl)-morpholine; compound with perchloric acid 
• 7473-97-4 1,1-diphenyl-1-methoxy-propan-2-one 
• 124-40-3 dimethyl amine 
• 85613-79-2 C₁₉H₁₈N₃O₃^(1-)*H⁽¹⁺⁾ 

Downstream Products

• 100887-18-1 4-(4-bromo-phenyl)-2-morpholino-4-oxo-butyronitrile 
• 109500-96-1 4-[N'-(1-cyano-ethylidene)-benzohydrazonoyl]-morpholine 
• 5336-77-6 2,3-di-morpholin-4-yl-1,4-diphenyl-butane-1,4-dione 
• 1195533-03-9 (E)-2-morpholino-1,4-diphenylbut-2-ene-1,4-dione 
• 101256-04-6 2-phenyl-butyric acid 2-morpholin-4-yl-ethyl ester 
• 102756-79-6 3-benzoyl-2-morpholino-1-phenyl-pentane-1,4-dione 
• 495-71-6 phenacylacetophenone 
• 102475-04-7 2-morpholinomethyl-1,4-diphenyl-but-2t-ene-1,4-dione 
• 103156-70-3 2-(α-morpholino-benzyl)-1,4-diphenyl-butane-1,4-dione 
• 103757-07-9 4-{3-[4-(4-methoxy-[1]naphthylmethyl)-phenyl]-propyl}-morpholine 
• 103276-33-1 2-benzoyl-1-mesityl-3-morpholino-4-phenyl-butane-1,4-dione 
• 104297-67-8 meso-3,4-bis-[4-methoxy-3-(3-morpholino-propionyl)-phenyl]-hexane 
• 108897-41-2 1-morpholino-2-phenylbutan-1-one 
• 101105-99-1 2-methyl-2-morpholino-4-oxo-4-phenyl-butyric acid 

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