6322-38-9Relevant articles and documents
Intramolecular palladium-catalyzed alkane C-H arylation from aryl chlorides
Rousseaux, Sophie,Davi, Michael,Sofack-Kreutzer, Julien,Pierre, Cathleen,Kefalidis, Christos E.,Clot, Eric,Fagnou, Keith,Baudoin, Olivier
supporting information; experimental part, p. 10706 - 10716 (2010/09/17)
The first examples of efficient and general palladium-catalyzed intramolecular C(sp3)-H arylation of (hetero)aryl chlorides, giving rise to a variety of valuable cyclobutarenes, indanes, indolines, dihydrobenzofurans, and indanones, are described. The use of aryl and heteroaryl chlorides significantly improves the scope of C(sp3)-H arylation by facilitating the preparation of reaction substrates. Careful optimization studies have shown that the palladium ligand and the base/solvent combination are crucial to obtaining the desired class of product in high yields. Overall, three sets of reaction conditions employing PtBu3, PCyp3, or PCy3 as the palladium ligand and K 2CO3/DMF or Cs2CO3/pivalic acid/mesitylene as the base/solvent combination allowed five different classes of products to be accessed using this methodology. In total, more than 40 examples of C-H arylation have been performed successfully. When several types of C(sp3)-H bond were present in the substrate, the arylation was found to occur regioselectively at primary C-H bonds vs secondary or tertiary positions. In addition, in the presence of several primary C-H bonds, selectivity trends correlate with the size of the palladacyclic intermediate, with five-membered rings being favored over six- and seven-membered rings. Regio- and diastereoselectivity issues were studied computationally in the prototypal case of indane formation. DFT(B3PW91) calculations demonstrated that C-H activation is the rate-determining step and that the creation of a C-H agostic interaction, increasing the acidity of a geminal C-H bond, is a critical factor for the regiochemistry control.
